Kidneys and ureters
Hydronephrosis, blockages, reflux and congenital kidney anomalies.
All 8 topics in this sectionPediatric urology guide for parents
A structured guide to conditions of the kidneys, urinary tract, testicles and genitals in children. Causes, tests, treatment and surgery, and when it is fine to wait and when you need urgent care.
What do you notice in your child?
You do not need to know the name of the diagnosis. Pick what you see and the related topics will open.
No testicle can be felt in the scrotum
- Undescended testicle Cryptorchidism, testicle not in the scrotum
- Retractile testicle Shy testicle, mobile testicle
Sudden testicular pain urgent
- Testicular torsion Twisted testicle, acute testicular pain
- Epididymitis and orchitis Inflammation of the testicle and epididymis
Swelling in the scrotum or groin
- Hydrocele Testicular hydrocele, fluid in the scrotum
- Inguinal hernia Groin hernia, swelling in the groin
Visible veins in the scrotum of a teenager
- Varicocele Enlarged veins in the scrotum
The foreskin does not retract
- Phimosis Tight foreskin
- Balanoposthitis Redness and swelling of the tip of the penis
The foreskin is pulled back and stuck urgent
- Paraphimosis Constricting foreskin
The urinary opening is not at the tip of the penis
- Hypospadias Born circumcised, half circumcised, “prophet’s circumcision”
- Meatal stenosis Meatal stenosis, narrowing of the urinary opening after circumcision
The penis looks small
- Buried penis Concealed penis, penis that looks small
- Micropenis A truly small penis
The penis is curved
- Penile curvature Chordee, penile torsion
- Hypospadias Born circumcised, half circumcised, “prophet’s circumcision”
A problem after circumcision
- Circumcision complications Circumcision errors, revision circumcision
- Meatal stenosis Meatal stenosis, narrowing of the urinary opening after circumcision
Wets the bed at night
- Bedwetting Enuresis, nocturnal enuresis
Daytime wetting, rushes to the toilet often
- Daytime wetting Overactive bladder, voiding dysfunction
- Constipation and the bladder Bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD)
Fever and burning when peeing
- Urinary tract infection Bladder infection, cystitis
- Pyelonephritis Febrile urinary tract infection, kidney inflammation
- Vesicoureteral reflux Ureteral reflux, VUR
Blood in the urine
- Blood in urine Hematuria, red or brown urine
- Kidney stones Urinary stones, urolithiasis
Weak or dribbling urine stream
- Posterior urethral valves Congenital membrane in the urethra, PUV
- Meatal stenosis Meatal stenosis, narrowing of the urinary opening after circumcision
- Neurogenic bladder Bladder problems in spina bifida and spinal cord conditions
Ultrasound shows a dilated kidney
- Hydronephrosis Water on the kidney, dilated renal pelvis
- UPJ obstruction Narrowing between the renal pelvis and the ureter, UPJ obstruction
- Megaureter Congenital dilation of the ureter
A girl’s labia are stuck together
- Labial adhesions Labial fusion, fused labia minora
Sections
All topics in pediatric urology are grouped into five sections.
Bladder and urethra
Urethral valves, neurogenic bladder, urachal remnants.
All 3 topics in this sectionVoiding and infections
Night and daytime wetting, constipation, infections, blood in the urine.
All 6 topics in this sectionTesticles and groin
Undescended testicle, hydrocele, inguinal hernia, varicocele and sudden testicular pain.
All 7 topics in this sectionGenitals
Phimosis, circumcision, hypospadias, buried penis and labial adhesions in girls.
All 10 topics in this sectionStill have a question?
Your child’s condition can be discussed at an appointment. Message us on WhatsApp and we will choose a suitable time together.
Message on WhatsAppBy your child’s age
Each stage brings its own questions, from the pregnancy ultrasound to the teenage years.
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During pregnancy
If the fetal ultrasound shows a change in the kidneys or urinary tract.
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Newborn
The first month of life: findings at the first examinations after birth.
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Infant (1–24 months)
Most congenital anomalies are treated at this age.
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Child (2–10 years)
Toilet training, wetting, infections, circumcision.
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Teenager (10–18 years)
Varicocele, testicular pain, questions about puberty.
Who writes this guide?
Dr. Parviz Hajiyev
Pediatric urologist, European Board-certified (FEAPU). Appointments are held in Baku at the Pediatric Urology Center (Badam Medical Center).
Every page on the site is based on the current recommendations of the European Association of Urology (EAU) and the European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU), and is written for parents. The aim is not to replace an examination but to help you come to the visit prepared and make decisions together with the doctor.
Tools for parents
Hydronephrosis size check Check the renal pelvis size from the ultrasound report against the week of pregnancy or your child’s age. Bladder diary Fill in a 48-hour diary, calculate the expected bladder capacity, then print it and bring it to the visit. Treatment timing guide A guide to the right age for surgery or treatment in different conditions.